The estimated intrinsic value of Royal Bank of Canada (RY) using a Book Value × Return on Equity (P/B × ROE) model is $270.58 (based on the recommended P/B × ROE method), compared to the current stock price of $174.90. This suggests the stock may be undervalued by 54.7% relative to its intrinsic value.

For banks and financial institutions, traditional DCF models are unreliable because cash flows are heavily influenced by lending and deposit activities. Instead, SharesGrow uses a Book Value × ROE model: Intrinsic Value = Book Value Per Share × (Return on Equity ÷ Cost of Equity) × Growth Adjustment. This approach values the firm based on how efficiently it generates returns on shareholders' equity relative to its cost of capital — the standard methodology used by institutional investors for bank valuation.

The valuation uses a CAPM-derived discount rate of 5.47% (CAPM-derived from beta of 0.92). For comparison, the standard 20-year DCF model produces: Operating Cash Flow (OCF): $1,326.36 | Free Cash Flow (FCF): $1,298.75 | Net Income (NI): $1,204.87.

• High debt relative to cash flow. Our Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model deducts net debt from the present value of future cash flows, which significantly reduces equity value per share. Analyst price targets typically do not subtract debt in the same way.
• Using Trailing Twelve Months (TTM) data. Our model is using the most recent four quarters of data, which may not yet reflect the full earnings trajectory that analysts are forecasting. If the company is in a growth phase, TTM cash flows may understate future potential.